Perspective: Science, Philosophy, and Spirituality

The Rise and Reckoning of Western Intellectual Legacy: 1850 to the Great War

From 1850 to World War I, Western ideals of progress, empire, and democracy were tested through revolution, war, and upheaval. This article explores key historical events that shaped and questioned the Western intellectual legacy, revealing the tensions between ideology and reality that set the stage for the 20th century’s crises and transformations.

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From the Enlightenment to Today: What They Did, Why They Did It, and What Has Happened Since

“From the Enlightenment to Today: What They Did, Why They Did It, and What Has Happened Since” explores how key Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution thinkers sought to address the crises of their time. It examines their successes, unintended consequences, and how their ideas evolved—highlighting the need for further refinement and expansion today.

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